The impacts of customer satisfaction on loyalty of the youth (18-25 years old) towards e-commerce trading floors in Ho Chi Minh City

Use your smartphone to scan this QR code and download this article ABSTRACT The booming of E-commerce trading sites, especially after COVID-19, has aggressively put pressure on the competition in this industry. Hence, building young customers' loyalty plays a vital role in doing business. One of the best solutions to this problem is to boost customer satisfaction. As customers are satisfied with the products or services provided, they tend to purchase more frequently and eventually become more loyal. Regarding location, HCM City is currently the most potential market for E-commerce development. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to weigh the relative impacts of customer satisfaction factors on the youth's loyalty (18-25 years old) to E-commerce trading sites in HCM City, address the existing issues, and propose the corresponding solutions. The study used Multiple Linear Regression Analysis with SPSS 20.0 to build, examine, and test the research model. Through 215 samples, five factors are identified to affect the youth's loyalty. They are the satisfaction with website design, the satisfaction with the product portfolio, the satisfaction of privacy & security, the satisfaction of delivery, and the satisfaction of post-sales service. The results reveal that the satisfaction of privacy & security is the most influential factor on the youth's loyalty, followed by the satisfaction of post-sales service and the satisfaction of website design. In addition, there are no differences in young customers' loyalty regardless of genders, occupations, frequencies of visiting E-commerce sites, monthly income levels, and average spending per order. Accordingly, these findings can be good guidance for E-commerce trading sites to formulate suitable development strategies to build the loyalty of customers at the early stage (18-25 years old) and effectively compete in themarket. On the other hand, the paper has certain limitations, namely the short duration of collecting primary data (one month) and thus the relatively small sample size compared to the whole population of the youth. Moreover, as the method of data collection is survey-based, the study must be remade for different regions and nations. Also, this paper only covers E-commerce trading sites within the retailing industry. Hence, future research can greatly improve the model by extending the time period of data collection and covering more industries. Besides, a more modern approach such as SEM is a decent option for measurement scales evaluation and model testing, since Multiple Linear Regression Analysis requires strict assumptions and may have a great likelihood of measurement errors.


INTRODUCTION
Although E-commerce still accounts for a modest share of retails in Vietnam, it is gaining increasing popularity among consumers, especially after COVID- 19. Vietnam E-commerce Association estimates that after 10 years, E-commerce will constitute 10% of B2C sales, and Vietnam can even surpass Thailand in terms of the E-commerce market size. One inevitable contributor to this phenomenon is the growth of E-commerce trading sites with such preeminent names as Tiki.vn, Sendo.vn, Shopee.vn và Lazada.vn. However, the odds of customers returning to offline shopping remain very high. Therefore, how to create and maintain customer loyalty to E-commerce trading sites is of urgent need, particularly among the youth (18-25 years old) who are considered as the consumers of the future. A number of studies have been conducted on customer loyalty to E-commerce worldwide. The three most widely accepted determinants are satisfaction, trust, and commitment, in which satisfaction has proven itself as the most prominent 1 . To analyze further the impact of satisfaction on loyalty, many researchers have adopted the SERVQUAL model and assessed satisfaction in terms of E-commerce features. Some of the suggested factors include website usability, technology adoption, convenience, safety and privacy, information quality, confidentiality, website improvement, order fulfillment, system readiness, etc. Unfortunately, most previous foreign frameworks fail to conduct qualitative research and thus neglect other important satisfaction elements. Moreover, their findings are solely applicable to the B2C E-commerce environment, whereas C2C settings -which are now thriving in Vietnam -are rarely mentioned. Concerning domestic research, since E-commerce is still a new emerging industry in Vietnam, empirical studies on satisfaction and loyalty in the context of online shopping are quite limited. A typical example of E-commerce loyalty research is 2 conducted by Nguyen Thi Nhu Hoa and Nguyen Thao Nguyen. However, independent variables were developed generally, causing huge difficulties for E-commerce platforms to apply in reality. Therefore, the objective of this study is to discover, build, and test the measurement scales of specific satisfaction factors that influence customer loyalty to E-commerce trading sites. The scope is limited to opinions of the youth from 18 to 25 years old in HCM City, where E-commerce is most thriving in Vietnam 3 . The process of collecting data, interviewing and surveying took place from February 2020 to March 2020. In brief, from the theoretical viewpoint, this study firstly helps to enrich the limited portfolio of domestic papers on the E-commerce satisfaction-loyalty relationship. Also, the factors are specifically identified rather than generally conceptualized for effective implementation. In comparison with foreign research, it is the comprehensive integration of most satisfaction-loyalty models, based not only on the classic SERVQUAL framework but also on the qualitative study to fit the current development of Vietnam and shopping preference of the youth (18-25 years old). More importantly, the findings are true for both B2C and C2C E-commerce trading sites, thus offering more flexibility for application. The next sections of the paper include (1) Literature review and theoretical framework, (2) Methodology, (3) Results and Discussions, (4) Conclusions and policy implications.

LITERATURE REVIEW, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Satisfaction with website design
Website is the direct confrontation of an E-commerce platform with its customers. Wang et al. believe that this factor reflects the competence of E-commerce websites and hence induces satisfaction 4 . Inevitably, the very first step to encourage online shopping is to build an easy-to-use website with a well-organized display, eye-catching visualization, sufficient system availability, great ease of navigation, and simple order procedure. Furthermore, Safa and Ismail suggest that customization is also a very important element of website design 5 . Since the later generations are more craving for personalization in every aspect of their daily lives, an E-commerce site that tailors the offered products and services in accordance with customer needs gains customer satisfaction, as well as intentions to repurchase. Hence, the first hypothesis is proposed as follows: Hypothesis H1: The factor "Customer satisfaction of website design" positively affects the youth's loyalty.

Satisfaction with the product portfolio
In essence, an E-commerce trading site is an online marketplace or a middleman that connects individuals/organizations and consumers, providing connecting services rather than selling its goods. However, the satisfaction of the product portfolio is still a suitable independent variable in this research, because customers tend to be more loyal when they acknowledge that their varied needs can always be fulfilled due to the large number of goods sold on E-commerce trading sites. As a result, online shoppers are more inclined to revisit E-commerce platforms that offer more purchasing options 6 . Cho and Park also found similar findings on the importance of the product portfolio to customer satisfaction 7 . Hence, the second hypothesis is suggested as follows: Hypothesis H2: The factor "Customer satisfaction of the product portfolio" positively affects the youth's loyalty.

Satisfaction with privacy & security
Privacy relates to the protection of customers' data during their online interaction with E-commerce websites, while security refers to the protection of the whole website system and any associated information from outsiders or non-permissive invasions. Inarguably, privacy & security are vital measurements in online retailing services 8 . Online purchases are risky as shoppers can neither check product quality nor monitor personal information. According to Vietnam E-commerce White Book 2019, the fear of having personal data abused ranked the 3rd of all barriers to online shopping 9 . Despite the technical advancements in Internet security such as cryptography, digital signatures, and certificates, online customers are still concerned with security issues in the shopping experience. Therefore, if any E-commerce platform can prove itself as a safe website for a customer to make a transaction, customers will be more likely to re-purchase on that page. Hence, the third hypothesis is suggested as follows: Hypothesis H3: The factor "Customer satisfaction of privacy & security" positively affects the youth's loyalty.

Satisfaction with delivery
For the success of online retail, delivery plays a critical role as it ranks the fourth regarding online shopping concerns 9 . Ramanathan believes that "significant sources of customer dissatisfaction arises either due to late arrival (or non-arrival) of the product, accuracy of the order and/or damaged products" 10 . Thus, delivery can be assessed through transport possibilities, time, speed, flexibility, and handling. Inevitably, along with the high growth rate of E-commerce, last year Vietnam witnessed the rapid development and fierce competition of last-mile delivery services. Hence, the fourth hypothesis is suggested as follows: Hypothesis H4: The factor "Customer satisfaction of delivery" positively affects the youth's loyalty.

Satisfaction with post-sales service
Post-sales service or customer service can be understood as the non-monetary aspect of a product. Its existence ensures the expectations of customers are met or even surpassed. As a result, post-sales service has a significant impact on customer satisfaction 10 . However, unlike other traditional stores or eretailers that sell their own goods on their websites, E-commerce trading sites function as marketplaces and thus are not compulsorily responsible for handling complaints or answering questions about products. Consequently, other aspects of post-sales service are examined, namely product returns & refunds, and customer reviews. 47% online consumers in Vietnam are concerned with returns & refunds policies, while customer review is considered as the No.1 reason that encourages customers to purchase on a particular platform 9 . Hence, the fifth hypothesis is suggested as follows: Hypothesis H5: The factor "Customer satisfaction of the post-sales service" positively affects the youth's loyalty.

Customer loyalty
The importance of customer loyalty has long been realized in literature. According to Oliver, customer loyalty is the strong commitment of customers to make perpetual purchases regardless of marketing efforts from other brands 11 . A loyal customer is committed and willing to purchase more in both quantity and frequency, and most importantly, not easily switched to other alternatives or more attractive options 5 . Thus, customer loyalty is one of the most important assets of any business to succeed. Since it is most affected by customer satisfaction 1 , a deep understanding of satisfaction on the youth's loyalty will help E-commerce flourish further. Based on foreign and domestic empirical research, as well as focus group interview, the following model of the satisfaction-loyalty relationship on E-commerce trading sites is suggested ( Figure 1).

METHODOLOGY Qualitative research
Qualitative research is conducted through a focus group discussion of 7 customers aged from 18-25 years old who are currently shopping on E-commerce trading sites. There are three main objectives of this interview method: (1) evaluate the suitability of the proposed elements, (2) remove factors that are initially included in the model but unfeasible to assess in practice, (3) discover other potential factors. Results reveal that all satisfaction elements affecting the youth's loyalty belong to the 5 suggested determinants (the satisfaction of website design, the satisfaction of the product portfolio, the satisfaction of privacy & security, the satisfaction of delivery, and the satisfaction of the post-sales service). Moreover, the focus group interview also further suggests five additional items for the satisfaction of privacy & security, the satisfaction of delivery, and the satisfaction of post-sales service, thus making the research model more comprehensive.

Quantitative research
Based on qualitative results and empirical research, the measurement scales for each variable are built. As the nature of the study is online, Google Form is used to create the questionnaire with the Likert scale of 1 to 5, in which 1 means "Strongly disagree" and 5 means "Strongly agree". Herein, random sampling is applied. The survey is first tested by 20 respondents and only one observed item needs to be changed for better understanding (WD3: changed from "I can easily navigate myself on the website while browsing" to "I can easily find the information or products I need"). Hence, no variables are removed. The next step is the implementation of the official research to reaffirm the significance of variables, the reliability of measurement scales, and thus the validity of the research model. In this step, Cronbach's Alpha reliability analysis, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Analysis and Multiple linear regression analysis, as well as one-way ANOVA test and ttest analysis, are implemented. The sample size for the research model is calculated based on the formula: n ≥ 8m + 50, with n being the sample size and m being the number of independent variables 12 . Thus, with 5 satisfaction factors, the minimum number for sampling is 90. Additionally, Hair et al. suggest that for every independent observed item, at least 5 samples are needed to ensure the representativeness and reliability for the sampling itself and EFA 13 . Consequently, with 23 independent observed items in the research model, the sample size must be at least 23 x 5 = 115 samples. Overall, 215 responses are collected, which is well sufficient for sampling. Regarding gender, females account for 62.8% while males constitute 37.2%. Regarding occupation, there are 70.2% of students and 29.8% of the employed. Regarding monthly income, 51.2% earn below 5 million VND, 23.3% earn 6-10 million VND, 17.2% earn 11-15 million VND, and the rest earn above 15 million VND. However, in terms of average spending per order, 200,000-500,000 VND accounts for the most share, with 55.8%, while below 200,000 VND represents 32.1%.

Cronbach's Alpha analysis
In this research, the reliability of the measurement scales is assessed by Cronbach's Alpha analysis. It is the most widely used method that tests the consistency and correlation among observed items. Its value ranges from 0 to 1, and the higher the coefficients, the greater reliability of the measurement scales. There are two criteria for this analysis: (1) Cronbach's Alpha of total scale ≥ 0.6 and (2) the Corrected Item -Total correlation coefficient ≥ 0.3 14 .
In theory, another important indicator is Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted. Since a more reliable measurement scale is more desirable, any item with Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted larger than the total Cronbach's Alpha should be considered for elimination. However, the removal of that item can only be confirmed by the EFA results. Table 1 reveals that all items meet the requirements. Although PP3 and CL3 have Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted larger than the overall Cronbach's Alpha, they will not be eliminated unless EFA analysis is not satisfied. Thus, all the observed items are qualified to be kept in the model.

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
EFA aims to convert a set of many independent variables into a smaller set so that they are more meaningful but still contain most of the information of the original set. In this research, the Principal Components extraction method and Varimax rotation are applied. There are 5 criteria: (1) 0.5 ≤ KMO ≤ 1; (2) Barlett's test has statistical significance (Sig. < 0.05); (3) Only keep the variables with Eigenvalue not less than 1.0; (4) Total variance explained is greater than 50%; (5) Factor loading ≥ 0.5 15 . Also, EFA is conducted separately between dependent variables and independent variables, as the model has clearly distinguished these two types of variables 13 .

EFA with independent variables
Results show that KMO = 0.887 (> 0.5 and < 1); Barlett's test has Sig. = 0.000 < 0.05, proving EFA is appropriate. At Eigenvalue = 1.049 > 1, a total of 5 factors are extracted from 23 observed items, which is equal to the number of satisfaction factors suggested in the research model. Total variance explained is 58.403% > 50%. Additionally, all factor loadings range from 0.511 to 0.791 (≥ 0.5). In brief, the observed items in the suggested model have satisfied the EFA criteria, and thus PP3 will not be eliminated.

EFA with dependent variables
Like independent variables, the dependent variablecustomer loyalty -also fulfils all the five requirements.
In particular: KMO = 0.697 (> 0.5 and < 1); Barlett's test has Sig. = 0.000 < 0.05; Eigenvalue = 2.276 > 1 with one variable extracted, matching with one suggested dependent variable in the research model; Total variance explained is 56.889% > 50%; and factor loadings are larger than 0.5. Therefore, the measurement scale for customer loyalty is appropriate, and CL3 is not necessarily removed from the model.

Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Analysis
Another important analysis before conducting regression is Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Analysis. It is used to measure the correlation degree between independent and dependent variables, then only independent elements that correlate with the dependent variable are chosen and put in regression. Its value ranges from +1 to -1, representing the characteristics of the relationship between items (positive/none/negative). There is only one criterion for this analysis: Sig. < 0.05. For ease of calculation, all 27 observed variables are classified into six corresponding independent and dependent variables whose values are the average of smaller component items. Table 2 indicates that all Pearson's Correlation Coefficients are significant at the 1% level. Thus, the requirement for this analysis is met. Also, with 0.540, the satisfaction of privacy & security has the highest correlation with the youth's loyalty, meaning the youth's loyalty increases the most when the satisfaction of privacy & security increases. In contrast, the lowest correlation with the youth's loyalty belongs to the satisfaction of the product portfolio with 0.475.

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
Regression analysis is a popular statistical technique used to analyze the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The larger beta coefficient a factor has, the more influential that factor is on the youth's loyalty. Table 3 shows that not only do all Betas have statistical significance at 5% level, but they are also positive, meaning all the five satisfaction factors have positive relationships with the youth's loyalty. More specifically, the satisfaction of privacy & security is proven to be the most influential with the highest coefficient of 0.191, followed by the satisfaction of the post-sales service and the satisfaction of website design. Thus, the linear regression function of this model is as follows:

Hypothesis on the appropriateness of the model
To test the appropriateness of the regression model, the coefficients of adjusted R square and Durbin-Watson value must be checked. Table 4 reveals that the adjusted R square of the model is 0.404, meaning the five satisfaction variables can explain 40.4% of changes in the youth's loyalty.
Regarding the Durbin-Watson coefficient, it is used to check the autocorrelation problem in the residuals of the regression analysis. In principle, the model is appropriate when it has no autocorrelation -in other words, the Durbin-Watson coefficient must be larger than 1 but smaller than 3. Table 4 reveals that the achieved Durbin-Watson coefficient is 2.005, thereby justifying the suitability of the model.

Hypothesis on the population fitness of regression model
Although the suggested model is proven to be appropriate, it is only true to the sampled data but not to the whole real population. Therefore, in order to verify the appropriateness of the model to the whole population, F-test in ANOVA analysis is required. According to Table 5, the significance level of the F-test is 0.000, lower than 0.05. Thus, the criterion is met.

Hypothesis on the statistical significance of linear regression
The linear regression analysis is conducted based on certain assumptions regarding multicollinearity, the residuals' normal distribution, and the linear relationship. If any of these presumptions collapses, the model loses its statistical significance.

Assumption of no multicollinearity
To verify the presence of multicollinearity, the examination of VIF is mandatory. In theory, VIF < 10 is sufficient to indicate that the model experiences no multicollinearity 15 . However, the requirement is much stricter in practice, demanding VIF < 2 especially for models that use Likert measurement. Table 3 shows that there are no VIF values larger than 2; hence, the assumption of no multicollinearity is satisfied.

Assumptions of the residuals' normal distribution
In this paper, the Histogram frequency chart for surveying the distribution of residuals is applied. In theory, the normal distribution must have Mean = 0 and standard deviation = 1. Figure 2 reveals that the model has Mean = -9.57E -16, approximately equal to 0, and Standard deviation = 0.968, close to 1. Moreover, it also witnesses a bell-shaped curve, which is typical of normal distribution. Consequently, the assumption of the residuals' normal distribution is supported.

Assumption of the linear relationship
In this paper, a Scatterplot between regression standardized residual and regression standardized predicted value is applied. Figure 3 indicates that regression standardized residual does not systematically change in accordance with regression standardized predicted value. In other words, the residuals diffuse randomly in the coordinate area around the vertical line y=0. Consequently, the assumption of the linear relationship is supported.

The impact of demographic variables on the satisfaction-customer relationship
To examine how demographic variables affect the impact of customer satisfaction on the youth's loyalty, an independent t-test and one-sample ANOVA test are used. For such variables with only 2 values as gender and occupation, the independent t-test is preferred. On the other hand, for variables with at least 3 values, namely the frequency of visiting E-commerce sites, monthly income, and average spending per order, one-sample ANOVA test is more favored.

By gender with independent t-test
Results show that the significance level of Levene's test is 0.074, greater than 0.05, which means that variances between two genders are not different. Then, the significance of the t-test in the equal variances assumed row is considered. With the value of 0.329, it exceeds 0.05. Thus, there is no statistical discrepancy in the impact of customer satisfaction on the youth's loyalty by gender.

By occupation with independent t-test
Like gender, occupation has the significance level of Levene's test which is larger than 0.05 (Sig. = 0.627), which means that variances between students and the employed are not diverse. Also, the significance of the t-test in the equal variances assumed row is 0.594, much bigger than 0.05. Hence, there is no statistical discrepancy in the impact of customer satisfaction on the youth's loyalty regarding occupation.

By frequency of visiting E-commerce sites with ANOVA test
The frequency of visiting E-commerce trading sites is divided into 5 groups -only big sales, once every 2 weeks, 1-2 times/week, 3-5 times/week, and every day. Results show that both significance levels of Levene' test and ANOVA test are larger than 0.05, with the values of 0.100 and 0.070 respectively. Thus, there is no statistical difference in the impact of customer satisfaction on the youth's loyalty in terms of the frequency of visiting E-commerce sites.

By monthly income with ANOVA test
The demographic variable "monthly income" consists of 4 categories: below 5 million VND, 5-10 million VND, 10-15 million VND, and over 15 million VND. Results point out that both significance levels of Levene' test and ANOVA test are larger than 0.05, with the values of 0.579 and 0.166 respectively. Thus, there is no statistical difference in the impact of customer satisfaction on the youth's loyalty regarding monthly income.

By average spending per order with ANOVA test
Average spending per order is classified into 4 ranges: below 200,000 VND, from 200,000 VND to 500,000 VND, from 500,000 VND to 1 million VND, and over 1 million VND. Results point out that both significance levels of Levene' test and ANOVA test are larger

CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS The impact of satisfaction on customer loyalty towards E-commerce trading floors
Regression analysis indicates that all hypotheses 1-5 on the satisfaction-loyalty relationship are supported, proving the five suggested satisfaction factors have statistically significant and positive relationships with the youth's loyalty. The satisfaction of privacy & security plays the leading role in the enhancement of the youth's loyalty, followed by the satisfaction of the post-sales service and the satisfaction of website design. The least influential factor is the satisfaction of delivery.
Additionally, such findings are in line with previous research. In specific, website design and privacy & se-curity are also both found statistically important in 16 and 17 . The satisfaction of the product portfolio was first introduced in 6 and is proven in this study to influence the youth's loyalty to E-commerce. Delivery is a special dimension as it is suggested in the research model based on the literature review, particularly from 18 and 10 . Due to the collected data, the paper has verified the importance of delivery in the E-commerce satisfaction-loyalty relationship. For the final factor -the satisfaction of post-sales service, it is also confirmed to statistically affect the youth's loyalty to E-commerce, as previously proven in 10 .

The impact of demographic variables on the satisfaction-customer relationship
Another meaningful finding in this research is that there is no statistical disparity in the impact of customer satisfaction on the youth's loyalty between groups regardless of genders, occupations, frequencies of visiting E-commerce sites, monthly income levels, and average spending per order. Such a con- clusion is compatible with that from 19 .

Suggestions for E-commerce trading floors
Among the five satisfaction factors, the satisfaction of privacy & security exerts the strongest impact on the youth's loyalty. Indeed, the fear of leaking personal information and insecure systems is still one of the biggest barriers to online shopping in general and E-commerce trading sites in specific. Suggestions include: (1) readable and easy-to-understand privacy & security policies located at an easy-to-find tab on the website, (2) increasing the number of trustworthy retailers, (3) secure the website with the SafeWeb certification.
The second influential factor is the satisfaction of the post-sale service. Suggestions include (1) understandable and easy-to-read product returns & refund policies. Due to the lack of contact, the odds of receiving incorrect, flawed, or damaged goods are much higher in the online environment than those in the traditional settings. Therefore, great ease of product returns & refunds would create more convenience for customers when such a problem arises; (2) extend the period of returns than one week maximum; (3) pro-mote the active review section; (4) boost more attractive incentives like free-shipping service. The third influential factor is the satisfaction of website design. Suggestions include: (1) improve the website interface (well-organized, user-friendly with eyecatching visualization and smooth animation); (2) personalized websites; (3) ensure 24/7 system availability. The fourth influential factor is the satisfaction of the product portfolio. Suggestions include: (1) diversify product categories with competitive prices offered; (2) ensure the availability of products; (3) double-check sellers' reputation so that product information is clear, accurate, up-to-date, relevant, and understandable. The final factor is the satisfaction of delivery. Suggestions include: (1) offer more options for fast delivery; (2) increase the delivery speed; (3) ensure on-time delivery with the right products; (4) invest in ordertracking technology.

Policy implications
Although E-commerce in Vietnam has achieved outstanding growth compared to other nations in the Southeast Asia region, online shopping still bears many risks that no individual E-commerce company can solve alone. Therefore, the intervention of government authorities is extremely necessary. Recommendations include: (1) improve infrastructure, namely telecommunications and transaction security systems; (2) update laws in accordance with the current E-commerce development (tax policies, intellectual property rights, consumers' interests like privacy and dispute settlement, etc.); (3) support businesses with website building and develop E-commerce associations; (4) encourage auxiliary industries, namely last-mile logistics.

Limitations and future research orientation
Like most studies, this paper has certain limitations. First, the duration of collecting primary data is short (one month); thus, the obtained sample size covers only 215 respondents, which is relatively small compared to the total number of the youth from 18 to 25 years old who are currently shopping online on E-commerce sites. Therefore, in order to enhance the representativeness of the sample, further research should increase the amount of time to conduct the surveys. Second, the method of data collection in this paper is survey-based. Thus, the research must be replicated when being applied to different regions and nations. Third, the study focuses mainly on only five major satisfaction factors (the satisfaction of website design, the satisfaction of the product portfolio, the satisfaction of privacy & security, the satisfaction of delivery, and the satisfaction of the post-sales service) and assesses their relative impacts on the youth's loyalty. Inevitably, the results in regression analysis (namely, adjusted R square) show that there are other important elements that affect the youth's loyalty to Ecommerce. Moreover, the scope of this study is limited to E-commerce trading sites within the retailing industry. Therefore, further research can greatly improve the model by suggesting new crucial determinants and covering more industries. Fourth, the multiple linear regression analysis used in this paper requires strict assumptions, thereby having a great likelihood of measurement errors. Hence, further research should apply a more novel and modern approach like SEM for the better evaluation of measurement scales and model testing.