Study on the impact of transformation leadership on performance of small and medium enterprises in Can Tho City, Vietnam

Transformational leadership is understood as a leadership style that enhances a sense of collective benefits for members of an organization. This study aims to analyze the impact of transformational leadership on the performance of small and medium enterprises in Can Tho city, Vietnam. This research is based on the theory and the four components of Transformational Leadership Theory (TLT)(IdealizedInfluence -II;InspirationalMotivation -IM;IntellectualStimulation -IS;Individualized Consideration - IC), a review of related studies, and opinions from expert interviews to develop a research model. The primary data of the article was collected from a survey of 214 small and medium enterprises in the city. The data analysis methods used in this study include Cronbach's alpha reliability test, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation modeling (SEM), and multigroup structural analysis. The article's research results confirm that the leaders of enterprises with a trans-formational style play a significant and positive role in the spirit of learning and sharing knowledge of the organization members, especially the micro-enterprises face many difficulties due to the lack ofresources. Researchresultsalsoshowthatthankstothetransformationalleadership(TL)styleand organizational learning (OL), it has made an essential contribution to organizational innovation (OI) as well as to improving operational efficiency (both financial and non-financial performance) for small and medium enterprises in Can Tho city. Based on the article's research results, the authors have proposed some characteristics of transformational leaders in small and medium enterprises in the city. In particular, the study emphasizes the influence of the individualized consideration and idealized influence factors in improving learning ability, contributing to organizational renewal and improving performance for small and medium enterprises in Can Tho city.


INTRODUCTION
Transformational leadership over time has emerged as an important factor contributing to enhancing the motivation, morale, and performance of the subordinates of enterprises in general and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in particular [1][2][3] .Rasheed et al. 2 proved that transformational leadership is particularly relevant in the context of SMEs.The leaders greatly influence the activities of enterprises.Due to the relatively SMEs, the owner is the one who sets the strategic direction for the organization's operations and communicates expectations to employees.Transformational leadership can be broadly defined as a leadership style in which the leader works with members to drive needed change 4 .Although there are many different leadership styles, transformational leadership is one of the most commonly used and plays an essential role in corporate management 5,6 because it can promote and stimulate learning and knowledge sharing among members.This is a crucial element of the ideal learning organization.Besides, Transformational leaders also positively influence organization innovation 7 .Currently, many empirical studies proved the trend of choosing this style around the world because this has a positive and significant impact on performance 6,[8][9][10] .This is even more important for leaders in SMEs in the context of limited resources, difficulty in retaining employees, and low performance.Scholars assert that the performance of SMEs is associated with leadership behaviors 2,11 .However, there has been a conflicting debate about the impact of transformational leadership.Some studies show that transformational leadership does not affect job performance due to the lack of guidance from managers.There are even studies that show that transformational leadership negatively affects performance by not promoting the creativity and experience of subordinates 4,12 .Therefore, in the face of the changing trend of the environment and business models of today's enterprises, leaders need to determine the appropriate leadership style to improve the efficiency of the business.Thus, from the review of empirical studies, it can be seen that there are many arguments and conflicting opinions about studying the impact of transformational leadership on performance.The reason for the difference in the results of the above studies is that the authors used different background theories in their research, and primarily because of the differences in the contexts of those studies 5 .Each author has a different approach when studying the effects of transformational leadership.For example, Mutahar et al. 8 , Elshanti 13 demonstrated the relationship between transformational leadership and performance through organizational learning.García-Morales et al. 14 , Ahmad et al. 15 studied this relationship through innovation.Some studies demonstrate that transformational leadership influences performance through organizational learning and innovation 10,[16][17][18] .From the literature review, previous authors have mainly studied the relationship between transformational leadership and performance in large enterprises, while very little research was conducted on this topic for SMEs in developing countries.This is the first gap that this study intends to address.Second, each author demonstrates an aspect of the impact of transformational leadership, and few studies have combined the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational learning, innovation, and performance of SMEs.These gaps are intended to be addressed in this study.Although many studies are conducted on transformational leadership in enterprises, each author studied this topic in different contexts.Therefore, studying the role and influence of transformational leadership on the performance of SMEs in the context of a developing country like Vietnam in general and Can Tho city in particular is very meaningful and necessary.About the practice of activities of enterprises in Can Tho in recent years and statistics from the Vietnam Enterprise Whitebook 2020, enterprises are mainly SMEs, accounting for 97.17%.Enterprises still face many difficulties in terms of weak management capacity, an unstable market, problems in competition, and deficient performance.Therefore, whether the use of transformational leadership affects the performance of SMEs in Can Tho?.How does transformational leadership impact performance?The leaders of SMEs should use the appropriate leadership style to improve their performance.This article is done with the following principal content: (1) presenting the fundamental theories related to the topic; (2) proposing a research model based on theoretical background and review of empirical studies; (3) presenting the research method, including developing the scale and data collection method; (4) presenting research results and discussion; and (5) presenting the conclusion and proposing the managerial implications based on the research results.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
The theoretical framework for Transformational Leadership Transformational Leadership Theory (TLT) was first proposed by Burns 19 .Accordingly, the theory defines transformational leadership as a process in which the leader explores potential motivations, seeks to attract and satisfy the needs of employees.It is a supportive relationship and commitment among members to achieve the organization's common goals.Based on Burns' 19 development of TLT, Bass 20 emphasized the importance of people as the most valuable resource for any organization.Bass 20 further explained transformational leadership affects people mainly by psychological factors.Therefore, it has a significant role in attracting, inspiring, motivating, and leading to cohesion.This will positively impact productivity and performance.According to Bass 20 TLT, the four components of transformational leadership are as follows: Firstly, idealized influence: Bass 20 argued that managers must be exemplary role models to influence and attract people.To achieve idealization, ethical behavior in managers is significant to instill pride, respect, and trust among members.Secondly, inspirational motivation: shows the capacity in which leaders communicate and motivate members to have confidence in themselves to complete the task well.This contributes to the achievement of the organization's goals and the accomplishment of the organization's vision.Furthermore, transformational leaders are also characterized by inspirational communicators through positive messages and statements that build motivation and trust 2 .Thirdly, intellectual stimulation: transformational leaders are interested in creating an environment that encourages innovation for members.Besides, intellectual stimulation also promotes an environment where members learn and share experiences.Fourthly, individualized consideration: transformational leaders are concerned with the needs and lives of individuals.In addition, transformational leaders are advisors who provide advice and support to encourage people to work together towards the goals.Rasheed et al. 2 asserted that transformational leadership is particularly well suited to the context of SMEs because the owner is the person who builds the orientation and vision for the organization and employees.It is easy for leaders to communicate their expectations to all employees.In particular, the leader's attention and inspirational ability play an important role in promoting employee motivation.This is an essential factor to help improve performance in the context of SMEs.To assess transformational leadership characteristics, many studies relied on the scale proposed by Avolio and Bass 21 .Therefore, this article will generally study the impact of the components of transformational leadership on performance in the context of SMEs in Can Tho.

The theoretical framework for performance
There are many different approaches to determining performance indicators.This depends on the goals of the managers and the research objectives 22 .According to Mashovic 23 , performance was an essential indicator of an organization's ability to optimize resource allocation.Many studies are based on the Balanced Scorecard theory (BSC) 24 to measure performance.There are four aspects to evaluate the effectiveness of an organization: (i) financial, (ii) customer, (iii) handling of internal processes, and (iv) organizational development.Thus, according to BSC, the performance of an enterprise needs to be assessed both in terms of financial and non-financial performance.However, the BSC is often used to evaluate the effectiveness of large enterprises and is relatively difficult to apply to SMEs.Because SMEs usually change their strategies, they need to react quickly to changes.This feature is unlike those of large firms that often operate in more stable markets, especially lacking simplicity when applied to SMEs 25 .Overcoming the above difficulties and based on inheriting the BSC, many studies have proposed a system of performance evaluation criteria for SMEs.Accordingly, the performance should be assessed from both financial and non-financial aspects.Financial performance for SMEs is usually evaluated through the following criteria: (i) growth in sales; (ii) growth in profits; and (iii) cash flow [26][27][28] .In addition, many enterprises also measure performance through non-financial indicators such as valued customer, employee conditions, and product/service development 27,29 .

The theoretical framework for SMEs
There is no common concept of the division of SMEs.Depending on the country, the regulations on SMEs are also different.However, governments often base themselves on the size of capital, number of laborers, and revenue of enterprises.According to Decree No. 39/2018/ND-CP, in Vietnam, SMEs are classified according to micro, small and medium enterprises.The criteria for identifying SMEs in Vietnam are presented in Table 1.

RESEARCH MODEL
Many studies have demonstrated the impact of transformational leadership on performance.However, most studies confirm a relationship between transformational leadership and performance through one or more mediating variables.For example, Mutahar et al. 8 , Elshanti 13 demonstrated an association between transformational leadership and performance through organizational learning.García-Morales et al. 14 , Ahmad et al. 15 illustrated this relationship through the element of corporate innovation.Some studies prove that transformational leadership styles in managers affect performance through the mediating variables of organizational learning and innovation 10,[16][17][18] .

The impact of transformational leadership on the learning organization
A learning organization is a place where members can improve new knowledge and understanding based on the existing experience of those in the organization 16 .Mutahar et al. 8 further explained that a learning organization is also an ideal environment for members to expand their ability to learn and share experiences to fulfill the organization's mission best.Thus, the concept of a learning organization emphasizes the collective spirit and continuous learning of members.Many empirical studies demonstrate that there is a positive impact of transformational leadership on organizational learning.Mutahar et al. 8 , Elshanti 15 argued that it plays an essential role in coordinating and strengthening trust between members and leaders.Leaders inspire members to be active in expanding their knowledge and learning.Similar to previous studies, Molodchik et al. 30 have also suggested that transformational leaders use inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and personal considerations to inspire employees.Therefore, hypothesis H 1 is proposed as follows: H 1 : Transformational leadership has a positive impact on a learning organization.

The impact of transformational leadership on organizational innovation
Innovation is the new ability to create wealth using enterprise resources 16 .This is considered a signifi-  16 , innovation is reflected in many aspects such as innovation of products and services, new management methods and technologies.Furthermore, García-Morales et al. 18 , Adam et al. 10 argued that innovation is based on new ideas, and it is essential to turn them into enterprise practices.Cortes and Herrmann 11 , Molodchik et al. 30 emphasized that transformational leaders use their ability to inspire, intellectually stimulate, and care for employees to promote learning and knowledge sharing, leading to innovation.Therefore, innovation is a critical factor for building and maintaining a competitive advantage for enterprises.Many studies demonstrated the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational innovation 10,[15][16][17][18] .Therefore, hypothesis H 2 is proposed as follows: H 2 : Transformational leadership has a positive impact on organizational innovation.

The impact of organizational learning on organizational innovation
Enterprise innovation is reflected in three aspects: product, process, and management model innovation 2,16 .Cortes and Herrmann 11 argued that any innovation contributes significantly to the success of SMEs.However, innovation is considered essential for SMEs' growth and sustainable development because most SMEs often do not have enough investment resources for the market compared to large enterprises 2 .Studies showed that most of the authors focus on analyzing the impact of transformational leadership on performance through the intermediary variables of organizational learning and innovation.However, very few studies mentioned the relationship between these intermediate variables.García-Morales et al. 18 , Nguyen and Luu 16 argued that learning organizations are essential to inspiring employees in enterprises.This helps everyone in the organization develop new capabilities and contribute to enterprise innovation.As such, the foundation of an organization's innovation activities is the process of creating and acquiring new knowledge.García-Morales et al. 18 further asserted, the deeper the innovation, the greater the level of learning.From these arguments, hypothesis H 3 is proposed as follows: H 3 : Organizational learning has a positive impact on organizational innovation.

The impact of organizational learning and organizational innovation on performance
As mentioned above, many studies demonstrated the relationship between organizational learning and innovation to performance 1,3,10,[16][17][18] .As the literature reviewed above shows, transformational leadership greatly influences learning in an organization.Not only that, but it also contributes to innovation in enterprises, especially SMEs 2,11 .Therefore, most studies confirm a positive impact of organizational learning and innovation on performance.However, there are also many conflicting arguments about this relationship.Septiadi and Kristanto 31 argued that learning is a process, so today's learning can affect tomorrow's learning results.Therefore, the results of learning may not affect performance in the present but the future.Another study by Hoopes and Postrel 32 also confirmed that learning does not always improve performance.The reason is due to a gap in shared knowledge.This may be due to the separation of expertise and practical knowledge between individuals 32 .Thus, increased organizational learning does not always impact growth in performance.However, most comparative studies confirm a positive relationship between organizational learning, innovation, and performance.Therefore, this study expects two hypotheses: H 4 : Organizational learning has a positive impact on performance.H 5 : Organizational innovation has a positive impact on performance.
Overall, previous studies have mainly analyzed the impact of transformational leadership on overall performance.Therefore, the article tests the effect of the moderator variable (firm size) on the relationship between the concepts in the model to propose managerial implications.Thus, based on TLT, reviewing related studies and through qualitative research results, the authors propose a research model for the impact of transformational leadership on the performance of SMEs in Can Tho.The proposed research model is shown in Figure 1.

METHODOLOGY
To build a scale for the research model, the article has reviewed research related to the topic combined with opinions from expert interviews.The analysis of expert interview data shows a similarity between the expert opinion and the proposed scale.However, experts suggest adding more characteristics of transformational leaders, for example, "Leaders put the interests of individuals first" and "Leaders need to understand employees' needs, abilities, and aspirations." In addition, according to the experts' opinion, this study also added the criterion "Employees have expanded ability to learn from a friendly working environment" to the learning organization scale.Based on that, the scale of the concepts of the research model was developed to suit the context and characteristics of SMEs in Can Tho.The article uses a 5-point Likert scale, from 1 strongly disagree to 5 strongly agree with the statements.The details of the scale of the research model are shown in Table 2.The revenue of the enterprise has grown in the past three years Maduekwe and Kamala 27 ;Rehman et al. 28

FIN2
Enterprise profit has increased gradually within the last three years

General information about the survey enterprise
Survey results from 214 SMEs in Can Tho show that most of the enterprises surveyed are limited enterprises (accounting for 56.07%) while private enterprises account for nearly 23.36%.Meanwhile, jointstock enterprises only account for 20.56% of enterprises surveyed.The results also show that most enterprises surveyed are micro-enterprises (accounting for 69.16%).Small enterprises accounted for 28.50%, and medium-sized enterprises accounted for only 2.34% of enterprises surveyed.In addition, the survey results from 214 SMEs show that the majority of enterprises operate in commerce and services (accounting for 43.46%); industry and construction accounted for 35.51%; and agriculture, forestry, and fishery accounted for 21.03%.

Testing the reliability of the scale
The Cronbach's Alpha test results show that the scale of the concepts of the theoretical model achieves good reliability because Cronbach's Alpha is greater than 0.60, and the corrected item-total correlation is higher than 0.3 11 .However, variables II1, IC3, and OL4 have a total correlation coefficient of less than 0.3.Therefore, these variables are excluded from the theoretical model.The study conducts the second Cronbach's Alpha analysis, and the test results are shown in Table 3.

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)
According to Tho and Trang, the theoretical model is appropriate when the indicators include TLI, CFI ≥ 0.9; CMIN/df ≤ 2; RMSEA ≤ 0.08 33 .The results of the CFA saturated model showed that the Chi-square test has P=0,000.Indicators such as CMIN/df=1.622;TLI=0.934,CFI=0.940, and RMSEA=0.054show that the model is consistent with the market data.The results of the CFA analysis of the critical model are shown in Figure 2.
The study continues to test the discriminant validity between concepts in the theoretical research model.The test results are shown in Table 4 as follows.
The discriminant validity test results in Table 4 show that the P-value of the concepts is all less than 0.05, so the correlation coefficient of each pair of concepts is less than 1 at 95% confidence.Consequently, the research model scales are discriminant validity 30 .In addition, the composite reliability is that 0.7 or higher suggests good reliability, and the total variance extracted must have a value of 0.5 or higher 34 .The summary results are shown in Table 5.Thus, the analytical results in Table 5 show that all the model concepts meet the requirement of high reliability.Therefore, the scale is suitable for the analysis of the structural equation analysis SEM.

Test theoretical model by SEM
The results of testing the impact model of transformational leadership on the performance of SMEs in Can Tho show that the model has a Chi-squared of 593.013 with P=0.000.The criteria CMIN/df=1.620<2,RM-SEA=0.054<0.8meet the requirements.This shows that the research model is very suitable for market data.The results of model testing are shown in Figure 3 and Table 6.
From the analysis results in Table 6, the article has shown the relationship between transformational leadership, learning organization, innovation, and performance of SMEs in Can Tho city.However, to evaluate these relationships clearly, the article tests whether there is any difference in the relationship between the concepts by enterprise size through multigroup structural analysis.By size, SMEs in Can Tho city can be divided into two groups: (1) microenterprises, accounting for 69.16%; (2) small and medium-sized enterprises, accounting for 30.84%.
The results of the study are shown in Tables 7 and 8.The test results in the table above show that the difference between the two variable and invariant models is not statistically significant at the 5% level (P=0.090>0.05).Therefore, the partial invariant

DISCUSSION
Thus, based on the results of Tables 6 and 8, we can confirm that the article has found evidence to prove that transformational leadership impacts SMEs' performance in Can Tho city.Firstly, this study confirms the positive role of transformational leadership in organizational learning in SMEs in Can Tho.The results of SEM analysis (Table 6) show that the investigation is consistent with previous studies of Nguyen and Luu 16 , Mutahar et al. 8 , Molodchik et al. 30 .This shows the important role of leaders in SMEs in Can Tho city because leaders can inspire their employees, thereby enhancing the spirit of mutual learning and knowledge sharing.The study also discovered the role of transformational leadership in expanding employees' ability to learn from a friendly working environment.The results of the multigroup analysis in Table 8 provide further findings that, compared with SMEs, transformational leadership in micro-enterprises in Can Tho has a more significant impact on organizational learning.This is considered a new finding different from previous studies because most of the authors have a similar approach to all enterprises of all sizes.
In addition, similar to the studies of García-Morales et al. 18 , Ahmad et al. 15 , Adam et al. 10 , Kittikunchotiwut 17 , Cortes and Herrmann 11 , this study also confirms that transformational leadership has made an essential contribution to the innovation of SMEs in Can Tho.This could explain that transformational leaders in SMEs in Can Tho play an indispensable role in inspiring, intellectually stimulating, and caring for employees.As a result, it has promoted the spirit of learning in employees and positively influenced the innovation of enterprises in Can Tho.Unlike empirical studies, this article has found that transformational leadership in micro-enterprises has a more significant impact on innovation than small and medium-sized enterprises (Table 8).This can confirm that transformational leadership is ideal for small enterprises in developing countries like Vietnam in general and Can Tho in particular.Because transformational leaders can foster a spirit of learning, sharing knowledge, and enhancing an organization's ability to innovate 35 .
Moreover, through the SEM analysis in Table 6, it is also confirmed that the role of organizational learning has had a significant impact on the innovation of SMEs in Can Tho in recent years, similar to the study of García-Morales et al. 18 , Nguyen and Luu 16 .Thereby, we can affirm that the driving force promoting innovation of SMEs is the spirit of mutual learning between leaders and employees, and between employees in the organization.Unlike experimental studies, this article does not have evidence to prove the impact of organizational learning on performance in SMEs in Can Tho city (Hypothesis H4 is not statistically significant 5%).Thereby we can see not always learning together in an organization is effective.Because learning is a long-term process, so learning together in an organization may not be effective now but can be effective in the future 31 .Another cause may be the separation of expertise and knowledge of leaders and organization members, thereby making it difficult to improve performance 32 .Although the research does not have enough evidence to confirm the impact of learning, thanks to organizational innovation, it has significantly contributed to improving the performance of SMEs in Can Tho.The results of the multi-group analysis (Table 8) confirmed that transformational leadership in small and medium-sized enterprises had a more significant impact on performance than in micro-enterprises.Thus, the research results of this article have more clearly shown the effect of using transformational leadership style on the performance of SMEs in Can Tho city.

CONCLUSIONS AND MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS Conclusions
Based on the research results, some conclusions can be drawn as follows: Firstly, based on TLT, the gaps of previous studies, and expert opinion, the study has built a model of the impact of transformational leadership on performance consistent with the SMEs context in Can Tho city.Research results show a relationship between transformational leadership, organizational learning, innovation, and performance in SMEs.The study confirmed that there is an impact of transformational leadership on the performance of SMEs.As Rasheed et al. 2 has demonstrated, transformational leadership is very relevant and necessary in the context of SMEs.Because of the small scale, the head of the enterprise is the one who directs the strategy, and they directly influence the employees.Secondly, based on the research results (

Managerial implications
Thus, the article's research results show that transformational leadership has a positive impact on the performance of SMEs in Can Tho city through organizational learning and innovation.The results of the multi-group analysis (Table 8) confirm the role of transformational leadership in improving the spirit of learning and innovation in micro-enterprises.Therefore, to contribute to improving performance, leaders of SMEs in Can Tho need to pay attention to the characteristics of transformational leaders such as (i) Role model for employees; (ii) Motivation to inspire employees; (iii) Intelligent stimulation for employees; (iv) Caring for employees.In particular, the individualized and idealized characteristics of the leader make an essential contribution to the characteristics of transformational leaders in SMEs in Can Tho city.Therefore, to perform well in the role of individualized consideration, leaders need to pay attention to professional training and skills coaching for employees, especially for micro-enterprises.Not only that, but leaders of SMEs in Can Tho also need to pay more attention to employees' needs, abilities, and aspirations to promote their strengths.
Based on the research results, it is also shown that the idealized influence of leadership contributes to the transformational leadership style in SMEs in Can Tho city.Therefore, SMEs in Can Tho city leaders need to pay attention to creating trust in employees and respecting their subordinates.Because leaders want employees to believe in them, they must first put their trust in employees.In addition, through interviews with experts, to create trust for employees, leaders in SMEs in Can Tho city need to uphold the interests of individuals.And most importantly, the leader must always listen to ideas, initiatives and treat everyone fairly.
In addition, this study also shows that inspirational motivation and intellectual stimulation factors for individuals also create outstanding characteristics of leaders of SMEs in Can Tho city.Therefore, to generate motivation at work for employees, leaders must regularly provide timely support, help, and guide individuals to solve problems that arise in their work.Moreover, based on the article's research results, leaders in SMEs in Can Tho need to promote and express more confidence and enthusiasm to their subordinates.This contributes to creating a learning culture in enterprises and arouses the spirit of learning and sharing, contributing to innovation and improving the performance of SMEs in Can Tho city.This study demonstrates the need for transformational leadership to contribute to creating a learning organization that contributes to the innovation and performance of SMEs in Can Tho.For proposals related to the research's results to apply to SMEs, these results can be transferred to the Can Tho Business Association, where business leaders periodically meet, exchange, and share.Not only that, the results of this study can be a valuable source of information in the Can Tho SMEs Support Center (Department of Planning and Investment) for the consulting and training on leadership transformation for SMEs in the city.Therefore, the article can help SMEs in Can Tho realize the importance of leadership in improving performance.
By implementing this article, we can affirm the necessity of transformational leadership for innovation activities in SMEs, especially micro-enterprises in Can Tho city.Because of its positive contribution to the performance of SMEs.Different from empirical studies, this article in the SME context incorporates research on the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational learning, organizational innovation, and performance.Moreover, this article has adjusted and supplemented the scales through expert interviews to suit the characteristics and context of SMEs in Can Tho, such as the "Idealised Influence" and "Individualized Consideration" scales of transformational leadership concept and "Organizational Learning" scale.The article provides a scientific basis for future scholars to review for research related to leadership transformation in other localities in Vietnam.The limitations and future recommendations: Firstly, the research does not have enough evidence to prove the direct impact of organizational learning on performance.This is because this study has not considered the difference in expertise and knowledge between leaders and organization members 32 .Therefore, further studies can examine the influence of this factor on organizational learning ability and performance.Secondly, although it ensures the analysis conditions, the study's sample size ensures the necessary minimum.Therefore, the following authors can expand the research with a larger sample size to have a basis for comparing the results with experimental studies.
Cite this article : Thanh D C, Nhung P L H, Nghiem L T, Phat L T N. Study on the impact of transformation leadership on performance of small and medium enterprises in Can Tho City, Vietnam.Sci.Tech.Dev.J. -Eco.Law Manag.; 6(2):2357-2372.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: SEM analysis results a

Table 1 : Criteria to identify SMEs in Vietnam
Source: Decree No. 39/2018/ND-CP of the Government cant factor for the survival and development of enterprises, especially SMEs 2 .According to Nguyen and Luu

Table 2
Source: References from related studies and expert interviewsFigure 1: Proposed model a a Source: Author's suggestion Science &

Table 3 : The results of testing the reliability of the scales
Source: Survey results from 214 enterprises

Table 5 : Summary results of testing the reliability
Source: Survey results from 214 enterprises

Table 6 : Testing the impact of transformational leadership on performance
Source: Survey results from 214 enterprises

Table 7 : Chi-square difference results
Source: Survey results from 214 enterprises

Table 8 : Impact of the concepts of the invariant model on firm size
33 other words, firm size does not change the relationship between five hypotheses on the impact of transformational leadership on the performance of SMEs in Can Tho33.Based on the results of multi-group analysis, we have the following table of effects of the concepts of the invariant model by firm size.
Source: Survey results from 214 enterprises model is chosen.