The impact of authentic leadership on employee’s engagement at Tan Son Nhat Operation Center in the COVID-19 period: The mediating role of job satisfaction

Abstract

Human resources is one of the important resources to promote the development of enterprises in the aviation sector in Vietnam. Therefore, airline firms are increasingly interested in job satisfaction and employee engagement. Aviation is a sector of special importance in economic development. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the aviation sector developed strongly. However, when the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, the world economy suffered from enormous damage, with the first hardest-hit sector being air transport. Vietnam's aviation sector was also not an exception from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to a report by the Ministry of Planning and Investment, which said that in 2020 and the first 5 months of 2021, the revenue of aviation enterprises decreased by 61% compared to that of 2019. In Vietnam Airlines Annual report 2020, Vietnam Airline had more than 100 aircraft temporarily suspended from operation. Tan Son Nhat Operation Center was a unit of Vietnam Airline JSC with the role of a representative at Tan Son Nhat airport, which was also affected by many related impacts. In a difficult period, the role of leadership in general and authentic leadership in particular was very important in improving employee satisfaction and engagement. This research investigated and tested affecting authentic leadership on employee engagement at Tan Son Nhat Operation Center in the covid-19 period: the mediating role of job satisfaction. It uses both qualitative and quantitative research. The qualitative research was carried out through focus group discussions with 10 employees. The quantitative research was conducted with 155 employees at Tan Son Nhat Operation Center – Vietnam Airlines JSC through a survey questionnaire by the convenient sampling method. The research results analyzed by partial least square – structural equation modeling (PLS – SEM) indicated that: Components of authentic leadership (AL): self-awareness (SA), internalized moral perspective (IMP), balanced processing (BP), and relational transparency (RT) have a positive impact on employee’s engagement through the mediating role of job satisfaction.

Introduction

Aviation is a sector of special importance in economic development. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the aviation sector developed strongly. However, when the COVID-19 pandemic broke out, the world economy suffered from enormous damage, with the first hardest-hit sector being air transport. According to the report of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 1 in the situation of aviation activities in 2020, the number of international and domestic passengers decreased by 1.38 billion and 1.32 billion respectively, down 74 % and 50% compared to those of 2019 and reducing revenue by 250 billion and 120 billion USD respectively.

Vietnam's aviation sector was also not an exception from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to a report by the Ministry of Planning and Investment, which said that in 2020 and the first 5 months of 2021, the revenue of aviation enterprises decreased by 61% compared to the previous year in 2019. The third outbreak of COVID-19 in Vietnam caused the aviation sector's revenue to decrease by 80% compared to the same period in 2020. Air transport was forecasted to continue to face difficulties in 2021. If the COVID-19 epidemic is contained, it will take until 2024 for the aviation sector to recover to the way it was before the epidemic. In the Vietnam Airlines Annual report 2020 2 , Vietnam Airlines had more than 100 aircraft temporarily suspended from operation. Tan Son Nhat Operation Center was a unit of Vietnam Airline JSC with the role of a representative at Tan Son Nhat airport, which was also affected by many related impacts. In early 2021, Tan Son Nhat Operation Center also applied a policy of reducing human resources with the temporary suspension of labor contracts with 30% of the center's employees. In addition, the regimes and policies had also changed such as the effective salary reduced by 50%, the resort welfare regimes are temporarily suspended. The average income of employees in 2020 and the first quarter of 2021 decreased by 53% compared to 2019, the rate of employees who resigned in the first quarter of 2021 was 83% compared to that of 2019. In a difficult period, the role of leadership in general and AL in particular was very important in improving employee satisfaction and engagement.

Employees are the central factor of any firm or organization that wants to survive and develop, thus leaders have to always put the human factor on top. It should be noted that, as long as leaders do not motivate the employees and do not guide them towards goals, leader activities such as planning, organizing, and decision making would be as efficient as a silk cocoon. This was the art of leadership which energizes the potential of people and achieves brilliant results. Therefore, the existence of leadership is essential and inevitable for organizations to sustain success (Hicks & Gullett 3 ). People feel apprehensive and insecure about what is happening around them, and as a result, they expect they can trust honest and competent good leaders. People's need for trustworthy leadership makes the study of AL timely and worthwhile. The requirement of active leadership is more than at any other time (Cooper, Scandura & Schriesheim) 4 . As former Medtronic leader, George 5 , succinctly states: “we need leaders who lead with purpose, values, and integrity; leaders build long-lasting organizations, motivate their employees to deliver superior customer service, and create lasting value for shareholders.” (Avolio & Gardner) 6 . Executives who did not show consistency between their words and actions could lose the trust of their followers (Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardner, Wernsing & Peterson) 7 . Proof of this claimed that the collapse of giant companies such as Enron, WorldCom, Tyco and Arthur Anderson was significant because of the moral failure of the leaders. Therefore, AL had received increasing research attention (George 8 Harvey, Martinko & Gardner 9 ).

So, how did the impact of authentic leadership affect employee satisfaction and engagement in aviation? This study examined the impact of AL on the employee engagement of the Vietnam aviation industry in the Covid 19 pandemic. The results of the study would help managers come up with effective solutions to overcome this crisis.

Literature review

Authentic Leadership

George defined authentic leadership as a unification of a leader's personality and core values, which is being honest, ethical, and practical 5 . AL seems easy to define but it is a complex process and difficult to describe. Among leadership scholars, there is no single accepted definition of AL. Instead, there are many definitions, with each written from a different point of view and with different emphasis. One of those viewpoints is the inner view, which closely is focused on the leader and what goes on inside the leader. It combines the self-knowledge, self-regulation, and self-concept of the leader. In Shamir & Eilam's 10 description of the introspective approach, they suggested that authentic leaders exhibit genuine leadership, attributed from beliefs and original, not a copy. This perspective emphasizes a leader's life experience and the meaning he or she attached to those experiences is important to authentic leader development. AL is an interpersonal process. This view points out that AL is a relationship, created between leaders and employees 11 . It is the result not only of the efforts of the leaders themselves but also of the feedback of the employees. Authenticity emerges from the interaction between leaders and employees. It is a reciprocal process because both leaders and employees are influenced by each other. AL could be defined from a development perspective, as illustrated in the work of Avolio et al 6 and Walumbwa et al 7 . This perspective underpins AL approaches. AL develops in people throughout life and could be triggered by major life events, such as a serious illness or a new career. Walumbwa et al 7 perceived AL as a model of leadership behavior that is developed and grounded in the positive psychological qualities of leaders and their strong ethics. They argued that AL consists of four separate but interrelated components: self-awareness, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing, and relational transparency 12 . Throughout life, authentic leaders learn and develop each of these types of behavior.

Job Satisfaction

Job satisfaction is an individual’s general attitude towards his or her job and represents several aspects of the job, including the reward system, working conditions, and co-workers 13 . In other words, JS represents an effective response to specific aspects of work 14 and is the result of an employee's perception of what the job content provider of value offers the employee. In addition, it is a positive emotional state or the result of an assessment of an individual's work experience and would benefit one's physical and mental health 15 . Some theorists viewed JS as the positive emotional reactions and attitudes that an individual has towards their job. Others had seen it as a two-dimensional construct consisting of internal and external satisfaction dimensions, or “satisfied/dissatisfied” dimensions. Recently, a debate has raged on whether JS is a global concept or encompasses aspects of satisfaction with different aspects of an individual’s job being allowed to do, independent work, and identified opportunities for career advancement 16 .

The relationship between authentic leadership and job satisfaction

Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardner, Wernsing, and Peterson 7 conducted a comprehensive literature review and interviewed groups of content experts in the field to determine what components constituted AL and developed a valid measure of this construct. Their research identified four components: SA, IMP, BP, and RT. Together, these four components form the basis of a theory of AL.

Self-awareness (SA) refers to a leader's personal insights. It is not just that but is a process by which individuals understand themselves, including their strengths and weaknesses, and the impact they have on others. Self-awareness involves reflecting on your core values, identity, feelings, motivations, and goals, and serves to capture who you are on the deepest level. In addition, it includes being aware of and trusting your feelings 17 . When leaders know themselves and have a clear sense of who they are and what they stand for, they have a strong anchor for their decisions and actions 18 . Other people see leaders who are more self-aware as more authentic. Self-awareness refers to awareness and belief in one's characteristics, values, motives, emotions, and perceptions. SA includes the knowledge of the inherently conflicting aspects of a person and the role these contradictions play in influencing one's thoughts, feelings, actions, and behaviors 19 . SA is described as an emerging process by which leaders understand their unique competencies, knowledge, and experiences 6 and is particularly associated with self-reflection. Self-reflection is an important mechanism through which leaders gain clarity about their core values and mental models 18 . A positive relationship between SA and JS was confirmed by Walumbwa et al 7 . The significant relationship between JS and SA was confirmed 20 . More specifically, a systematic review by Cummings et al 21 on leadership and results reported that leadership style affected satisfaction 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 . According to Darvish & Rezaei 27 ; Aycą 28 ; Wong & Laschinger 29 showed that SA has a significant impact on employee JS. Hence, the hypothesis is developed as follows:

H ₁ : Self-awareness positively influences job satisfaction.

Internalized moral perspective is related to the self-regulatory process by which individuals use internal moral standards and values to guide their behavior rather than allowing external pressures to take control. It is a self-regulatory process because people have control over the extent to which they allow others to influence them. Others see leaders with an intrinsic moral perspective as authentic because their actions are consistent with their beliefs and morals. IMP is the process by which authentic leaders align their values with their intentions and actions 6 . This process involves making a person's motivations, goals, and values completely transparent to their followers, leading by example, and demonstrating consistency between advocate and current theory used 6 . The key to this concept is that the regulatory system is driven from within, not in response to external forces or expectations. Furthermore, IMP differs from concepts such as self-monitoring or impression management, which may purposefully include distorted communications and thus lead to inauthentic dialogue. Instead, self-regulation involves establishing an agreement between one's internal standards and predicted outcomes 6 and the discipline to transform core values into consistent actions 5 . Therefore, authentic leaders who possess self-regulation would say what they mean what they say, thereby they manage stress and confront conflicts between personal values and the responsibilities of the organization. Authentic leaders act according to their true self and exemplary standards of authenticity by maintaining consistency in their actions 30 . A positive relationship between IMP and JS was by Walumbwa et al 7 . The significant relationship between JS and IMP was confirmed 20 . More specifically, a systematic review by Cummings et al 21 on leadership and results reported that leadership style affects satisfaction 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 . According to Darvish & Rezaei 27 ; Aycą 28 ; Wong & Laschinger 29 showed that IMP has a significant impact on employee JS. Therefore, the next hypothesis is developed:

H ₂ : Internalized moral positively influences job satisfaction.

Balanced processing is also a self-regulating behavior. That concerns an individual's ability to objectively analyze information and explore the opinions of others before making decisions. It also means avoiding bias on certain issues and remaining unbiased. BP includes soliciting viewpoints from those who disagree with you and fully considering their position before taking your action. Leaders with BP are seen as authentic because they are open about their perspectives, but are also objective in considering the viewpoints of others. While engaging in self-reflection to gain SA, either through internal introspection or external assessment, authentic leaders do not distort, exaggerate, or ignore information 30 , but pay equal attention to positive and negative interpretations of themselves and their leadership style 18 . BP had been described as central to personal integrity and personality, thus significantly influencing the decision-making and strategic actions of leaders 19 . A positive relationship between PB and JS was confirmed by Walumbwa et al 7 . The significant relationship between JS and PB was confirmed 20 . More specifically, a systematic review by Cummings et al 21 on leadership and results reported that leadership style affects satisfaction 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 . According to Darvish & Rezaei 27 ; Aycą 28 ; Wong & Laschinger 29 showed that BP has a significant impact on employee JS. Hence, the next hypothesis is developed:

H ₃ : Balanced processing positively influences job satisfaction.

Relational transparency refers to being open and honest in expressing one's true self to another. It is self-regulating because individuals can control their transparency with others. RT occurs when individuals appropriately share their core feelings, motives, and tendencies with others 17 . It includes individuals who display both positive and negative aspects of themselves to others. RT is about communicating openly and practically in relationships with others and includes all previous possibilities for self-disclosure and honesty 19 . In addition to being SA, balanced, and united about one's goals, motivations, values, identity, and emotions, authentic leaders are also transparent in revealing these expressions to their followers 30 . Revealing one's true self to their followers, one built trust and camaraderie, promoting teamwork and cooperation 18 . Furthermore, RT requires a willingness to keep oneself open to inspection and feedback, and is therefore also an essential component of the learning process [23]. A positive relationship between RT and JS was confirmed by Walumbwa et al [30]. The significant relationship between JS and RT was confirmed 20 . More specifically, a systematic review by Cummings et al 21 on leadership and results reported that leadership style affected satisfaction 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 According to Darvish & Rezaei 27 ; Aycą 28 ; Wong & Laschinger 29 showed that RT has a significant impact on employee JS. Hence, the next hypothesis is developed:

H ₄ : Relational transparency positively influences job satisfaction.

Employee Engagement and job satisfaction

The concept of employee engagement introduced by Schaufeli & Bakker 31 was widely used in recent research, the author defined employee engagement as a positive mental state, satisfied work-related, characterized by: work inspiration, dedication, and passion. Inspiration is characterized by a high level of energy and inspiration, along with perseverance at work, a willingness to put a lot of effort into work, and a willingness to take on challenges. Dedication is characterized by an enthusiastic, inspirational spirit that prides itself on meaningful work. Enthusiasm is expressed by a high degree of concentration and dedication to work, thinking about work even when not working 31 . According to Dvir, Eden, Avolio & Shamir 32 , employee engagement was also defined as “a high degree of action, initiative, and responsibility”, increasing their contribution to the success of the organization. According to Perrin 33 , engagement was defined as the degree to which an individual is willing to put his or her efforts into work and capable of leading the organization to success. That engagement is influenced by emotional and cognitive factors related to work and experiences with work.

According to Djoemadi, Setiawan, Noermijati, & Irawanto 34 employee engagement is mainly driven by employee satisfaction. Employee JS increases employee engagement 35 . Sabir & Khan 36 found a significant positive correlation between employee JS and employee engagement. It is hypothesized as follows:

H ₅ : Job satisfaction positively influences employee engagement.

Based on the research, literature review and hypotheses development, Figure 1 shows a research model.

Figure 1 . The conceptual model

Research design

Research process

The research process was carried out as follows: the summary of the theoretical framework of previous research to give a preliminary scale. After that qualitative research was conducted through focus group discussion from which the official scale was proposed. Then quantitative research was carried out through a survey questionnaire of employees working at Tan Son Nhat Operation Center - Vietnam Airlines JSC.

Research methods

The qualitative research method was conducted through 01 focus group discussion with 10 employees working at Tan Son Nhat Operation Center in April. Based on their responses, minor modifications were made to ensure the generality of the observed variables. Qualitative research results with 24 observed variables used to measure research concepts were formed. AL scale used 16 items by Walumbwa et al 28 . Job satisfaction was used 4 items of Turkyilmaz et al 37 . Employee engagement had 4 observed by Schaufeli & Bakker 31 . All variables measured were based on a five-point Likert scale, from 1 – completely disagree to 5 – totally agree. Quantitative research was conducted through a survey of the employees working at Tan Son Nhat Operation Center - Vietnam Airlines JSC. The convenient sampling method was implemented. The questionnaire was sent to each employee by via the google form from April to July 2021. There were 163 respondents, including 155 valid respondents used for analysis with 95.1% recorded.

Data analysis

The collected data were evaluated by Partial Least Square – Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). To obtain and assess the key reliability and validity indices and the direct effects, Partial Least Squares (PLS) was employed, using the SmartPLS 3 software 38 .

Results and discussion

Demographic profile of respondents

The distribution of gender, age, marital status, education, seniority in Table 1 showed that there was a difference. The majority gender of the survey respondents was female, accounting for 52.9%. The age group 18-22 accounted for the majority of the respondents (47.1%), the proportions of other groups vary, at 38.1%, 11.6%, and 3.2% for the 23-30, 31-45, and over 45 age groups, respectively. The majority were single (80%). The majority of respondents had university degrees (75.5%). In terms of seniority, the majority is 1-3 years (41.3%).

Table 1 Demographic profile of respondents

Scale reliability analysis

- Results of scale reliability and convergent validity

Composite reliability was used to measure construct reliability. The value ranged from 0.913 to 0.929, which was higher than the recommended criteria of 0.7 and higher 39 . We measured the internal consistency among the items of each construct using Cronbach’s Alpha; the value was higher than 0.7, which is considered suitable for reliability/internal consistency between the items 39 . Convergent validity was measured using factor loading, and the average variance was extracted. The standardized factor loading of all items ranged from 0.809 to 0.915, above the recommended criteria, 0.5 39 . The value of the average variance extracted ranged from 0.726 to 0.766, which met the criterion of 0.5, and higher 39 . The results imply that convergent validity has been adequately met. Results of the test were shown in Table 2 .

Table 2 Results of scale reliability analysis

- Results of discriminant validity

The next stage after the convergence validity testing is the discriminant validity testing. Discriminant validity was measured using the Fornell-Larcker Criterion and Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio. The results presented in Table 3 shows that all the square roots of Average Variance Extracted values were all higher than the correlation values of constructs compared to all other constructs 40 . The results presented in Table 4 shows that the Heterotrait-Monotrait ratios for all the constructs were less than the threshold value of 0.85 41 . The results imply that discriminant validity has been adequately met.

Table 3 Results of discriminant validity (fornell-larcker criterion)

Table 4 Results of discriminant validity (heterotrait-monotrait ratio)

Results of model test

We modelled and analyzed the direct effects in an integrated framework. We employed the standardized root mean squared residuals (SRMR), structural variance inflation factor (VIF) coefficients, predictive relevance (Q ² ), and explanatory power/coefficient of determination (R ² ) to evaluate the model fit. The value of SRMR was 0.069, which met the threshold of 0.08 42 . All inner VIF values were between 1.476–2.203, lower than the threshold of 3.0 39 . The values of Q ² were between 0.399–0.491, all above the required value of zero 43 . As observed, the R ² values (0.685; 0.548) were all above the threshold of 0.5, which implied a moderate model 39 . All these measures indicated a good model fit of the research framework. The bootstrapping re-sampling analysis (5000 samples) 44 result indicated that all five affected coefficients were statistically significant in the proposed direction ( Figure 2 , Table 5 ), supporting H ₁ – H ₅ .

Table 5 Results of hypotheses testing

Figure 2 . Results of the research model

The result indicated that job satisfaction has a mediating role between authentic leadership and employee engagement as presented in Table 6 . Job satisfaction has a mediating role between SA and EE at a coefficient of = 0.254 (p= 0.000). In addition, there is an indirect relationship between IMP and EE through JS at a coefficient of = 0.219 (p= 0.001). Furthermore, job satisfaction has a mediating role in the impact between BP and EE at a coefficient of = 0.175 (p= 0.001). Moreover, there is an indirect relationship between RT and EE through JS at a coefficient = 0.167 (p= 0.008). The result indicated that job satisfaction has a mediating role between authentic leadership and employee engagement. This result was consistent with the study of Wirawan et al 45 . Alok and Israel 46 , Bamford et al 47 and Walumbwa et al 48 found a similar effect of authentic leadership.

Table 6 Results of the mediating role of job satisfaction

Discussions

This study aims to examine the impact of authentic leadership factors on employee engagement through the mediating role of job satisfaction. The research model had a dependent variable of JS with R ² =0.685, meaning that 68,5 % of the variation in JS, which is explained by the variation of the components as follows: SA, IMP, BP, RT. Employee engagement variable with R ² = 0.548 means 54.8% variation of job satisfaction.

The results show that all four factors SA, IMP, BP, and RT have an impact on job satisfaction. Self-awareness positively influences job satisfaction . The result shows that the relationship between SA and JS was statistically significant at a coefficient of = 0.343 (p=0.000), thus hypothesis H ₁ was supported. This result is also consistent with the study of 28 , 21 , 27 , 20 , 26 , 7 . This confirms the hypothesis that SA has a positive impact on employees' JS.

H ₂ : Internalized moral positively influences job satisfaction. Table 5 indicated that the relationship between IMP and JS was significant at a coefficient of = 0.296 (p= 0.000 < 0.01) hypothesis H ₂ accepted. This result is also similar to the study of 28 , 21 , 27 , 20 , 26 , 7 . This confirms the hypothesis that IMP has a positive influence on employees' JS.

H ₃ : Balanced processing positively influences job satisfaction . The result indicated that the relationship between BP and JS is significant at a coefficient of = 0.236 (p= 0.001 < 0.01) and hypothesis H ₃ was accepted. This result is also consistent with the study of 28 , 21 , 27 , 20 , 26 , 7 . This confirms the hypothesis that BP has a positive influence on employees' JS.

H ₄ : Relational transparency positively influences job satisfaction. The relationship between RT and JS was statistically significant at a coefficient of B= 0.226 (p= 0.006 < 0.01), thus hypothesis H4 is supported. Thus, the hypothesis that RT significantly affects JS is accepted. This result is consistent with the study by 28 , 21 , 27 , 20 , 26 , 7 . This confirms the hypothesis that RT has a positive influence on employees' JS.

H ₅ : Job satisfaction positively influences employee engagement. The result is similar to those of Baumruk 35 , Djoemadi et al 34 , and Sabir and Khan 36 . Table 5 clearly reveal that JS significantly influence EE ( =0,740 =0.000). This confirms the hypothesis that JS has a positive influence on employee engagement.

Conclusions and implications

The purpose of this study investigated and tested affecting AL on employees’ JS at Tan Son Nhat Operation Center – Vietnam Airlines JSC. To promote the development of the aviation sector, firms operating in the aviation sector in Vietnam need to improve the quality of all resources, especially human resources. The third outbreak of COVID-19 in Vietnam caused the aviation sector's revenue to decrease by 80% from 2020. Air transport is forecasted to continue to face difficulties in 2021. If the COVID-19 epidemic is contained, it will take until 2024 for the aviation sector to recover to the way it was before the epidemic. In early 2021, Tan Son Nhat Operation Center also applied a policy of reducing human resources with the temporary suspension of labor contracts with 30% of the center's employees. In addition, the regimes and policies have also changed such as the effective salary was reduced by 50%, the resort welfare regimes are temporarily suspended. The average income of employees in 2020 and the first quarter of 2021 decreased by 53% from 2019, the rate of employees who resigned in the first quarter of 2021 was 83% from 2019 (Statistics of Vietnam Airlines). In today’s difficult period, the role of leadership in general and AL in particular is very important in improving employee satisfaction and engagement. Therefore, aviation enterprises should increasingly focus on creating employees’ JS in order to positively affect employee engagement. The results of a survey of employees at Tan Son Nhat Operation Center - Vietnam Airlines JSC showed that the components of AL: SA, IMP, BP, RT had a positive effect on employees’ JS. This result was consistent with the study by 28 , 21 , 27 , 20 , 26 , 7 . Besides, employee’s JS (JS) had an impact on employee engagement (EE). This result was consistent with the study by 35 , 34 , 36 . In addition, the result indicated that job satisfaction has a mediating role between authentic leadership and employee engagement. This result was consistent with the study by 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 .

Based on the research results, some suggests that improving AL increases JS and employee engagement:

Job Satisfaction had mean=4.01. Enterprises in the aviation sector in Vietnam who want to improve employees’ JS need to have a new perspective not only focusing on income, working environment... but also focusing on leadership in general and AL in particular, especially in difficult current Covid-19 pandemic. Managers and leaders are considered as another factor affecting employees’ JS. They need attention, support, encouragement, and development of their competence and if leaders plan and strive to comply with the requirements of AL, it is certain that JS of employees is increasingly enhanced, and they will be more engaged with the organization.

Employee Engagement has mean=3.99. Aviation enterprises that want to increase employee engagement need to raise employees’ JS because employees are satisfied at work, employees will be more engaged. Authentic leadership increases employee engagement by leveraging an employee’s job satisfaction. Enterprises should recognize the value of AL so that they can have an implementation plan and principles to comply with the requirements of AL, especially during difficult times due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Self-awareness had mean=4.26. Leaders' aviation firms need to know their strengths and weaknesses, it is not just a process of SA but they will know their strengths and weaknesses which its impact on their employees. They must know who they are, what they stand for, and that they have a strong anchor for their decisions and actions. Leaders must look at themselves objectively, record thoughts that help eliminate or erase old ideas and gain new information and ideas, write down goals and plan priorities, perform self-criticism every day, ask trusted employees to comment on them, ask for employee work feedback to reflect leadership strengths and weaknesses, and importantly be always look at yourself.

Internalized Moral Perspective had mean = 4.01. Aviation enterprises leaders need to use internal moral standards and values to guide their behavior rather than allowing external pressures to control them. Leaders must strictly respect moral standards and voluntarily implement them according to internal motivation. Leaders must have moral knowledge and moral beliefs that lead to their moral behavior. In addition, leaders need to have moral motives, moral emotions, energy, and moral habits.

Balanced Processing had a mean = 3.62. Leaders must improve their ability to analyze objective information and explore the opinions of others before making decisions, avoiding bias. Employees are often interested in evaluating what they get from work commensurate with the effort they put in. Therefore, leaders need to be fair in the results, fair in the process of making public, transparent, and clear policies, procedures, and implementation methods. Fairness in the treatment attitude of the leader who always cares and respects the employees.

Relational Transparency had mean = 3.67. Leaders should be honest and transparent in expressing themselves to employees. Leaders communicate and evaluate employees openly and transparently. Leaders should share their feelings, motivations, and core tendencies with employees appropriately. Both positive and negative aspects of leadership for employees must show clear transparency.

The study has certain limitations: Due to time and budget constraints, the study only conducted a research survey with 155 respondents at Tan Son Nhat Operation Center – Vietnam Airlines JSC by convenient sampling method. This leads to limitations in testing the reliability of research scales.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AL: Authentic Leadership

BP: Balanced processing

EE: Employee Engagement

ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization

IMP: Internalized moral perspective

JS: Job Satisfaction

PLS-SEM: Partial Least Square – Structural Equation Modeling

SA: Self-awareness

TR: Relational transparency

SRMR: Root mean squared residuals

VIF: Variance inflation factor

COMPETING INTERESTS

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Nguyen Van Thuy is identified the research topic and revised the article.

Van Duc Chi Vu is implemented the content of the article.